This is the second of the Umayyad lists.

Between 683-743 there was no single Umayyad Army but a number of different armies at different times, the most important being the Syrian Army that underpinned the Umayyad regime and was the best trained and motivated. However, there was also the 'Army of Iraq' in the form of the armies of Basra and Kufa (although troops from either army did not fight for the other and neither, unlike the Syrians, did they fight outside Iraq as a rule). These Armies (Syrian, Basran and Kufa) are classified as the 'Western Army' in this list. Then there was the 'frontier' army of Khurasan (which is classified as the 'Eastern Army' in this list) that did comprise of troops from Iraq, latterly Syria and other areas of Umayyad influence (these units are covered in the Core and in lower Unit availability in the bonus).

This list does not cover the Army of Egypt.

Era: Triumph of Cavalry		Marwanid Period Armies of the Umayyad Caliphates 683 to 743 AD	CR: H: 4 L: 4			BP: 2	Init: 6
Core
Number	Type	Description	Key	FV	PROT	Weapon	Cost
2	HC (d!)	Jund/Mawali	X	4[1]0	+1	Lances	10
1	FT	Syrian Muqatila	X	6[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	10
2	FT	Muqatila	X	5[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	8
2	SI	Arab		2[1]1	+2	Bows	2
3	SI	Arab/Sudanese		3[1]2	+2	Javelins	2
Bonus:
o		Western Army (1)
1	HC (d!)	Elite Jund/Mawali	X	5[1]0	+2	Lances	13
2	HC (d!)	Jund/Mawali	X	4[1]0	+1	Lances	11
1	HC (d!)	Hara/Shurta (2)	X	4[1]0	+2	Lances	12
6	FT	Syrian Muqatila	X	6[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	10
2	FT	Muqatila (3)	X	5[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	8
2	FT	Quarra (3)	X	6[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	10
6	FT	Muqatila (3)	X	5[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	8
2	FT	Dailami (4)	X	6[2]2	+1	Various	8
2	LHI	Dailami** (4)	X	5[1]2	+1	Javelins	9
2	LI	Sudanese		4[1]2	+1	Javelins	7
1	LI	Quigan		3[1]1	+1	Bows	6
2	LC	Bedouin Tala\'i	X	2[0]0	+1	Various	7
2	LC (d)	Asawira	X	1[0]0	+1	Bows	6
2	SI	Arab/Dailami (5)		2[1]1	+2	Bows	2
2	SI	Arab		3[1]2	+2	Slings	2
1	SI	Arab/Sudanese		3[1]2	+2	Javelin	2
o
o		Eastern Army (6)
1	HC (d!)	Elite Jund/Mawali	X	5[1]0	+2	Lances	13
2	HC (d!)	Jund/Mawali	X	4[1]0	+1	Lances	10
2	HC (d!)	Transoxanian Shakiriya (7)	X	4[1]0	+1	Lances/Bows	12
2	FT	Syrian Muqatila (8)	X	6[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	10
2	FT	Mawali (8)	X	5[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	8
6	FT	Muqatila (8)	X	5[1]1	+1	Spears/Swords/Bows	8
2	FT	Dailami (9)	X	6[2]2	+1	Various	8
2	LHI	Dailami (9)	X	5[1]2	+1	Javelins	9
2	FT	Bukahran Levy	X	4[1]1	0	Spear	4
2	LI	Hill Tribes		4[1]2	+1	Javelin	7
1	LI	Quigan		3[1]1	+1	Bows	6
2	LC	Bedouin Tala\'i	X	2[0]0	+1	Various	7
2	LC (d)	Asawira	X	1[0]0	+1	Various/Bows	6
4	LC (d)	Sogdians	X	1[0]0	+1	Various/Bows	6
2	SI	Arab/Dailami (10)		2[1]1	+2	Bows	2
2	SI	Arab		3[1]2	+2	Slings	2
1	SI	Arab/Sudanese		3[1]2	+2	Javelins	2

Terrain:

Core: 1GR

Bonus: (Max: 2 ) 2GR; 1SH; 2RG

Notes:

Core: 96 Bonus: 544

One of the difficulties in this period is the majority of the battles were essentially fought on foot (with most HC dismounting) hence the cavalry limits in the following:

Western Army

(1)A Western Army may increase its Initiative to 7 (and must drop one core SI Arab Bow or Javelin @ 2 points to do so) if it purchases 3 or more Syrian Muqatila FT from the bonus.

(2) Drop 1 Bonus Jund/Mawali FV4 HC available per Unit bought.

(3)Any or all FT Spear/Sword/Bow Units may be fielded as FT Spear/Sword at 2 points less than the given total. For every Unit thus fielded 1 SI 2[1]1 +2 Bow Unit becomes available @ 2 points.

(4)Choose either Daylami FT or LHI; not both. If any Dailami LHI are bought an RG or an SH is a compulsory purchase also.

(5)For each Spear/Sword/Bow FT Unit chosen reduce the availability of SI Bow by 1.

Eastern Army Notes

(6)An Eastern Army may change its divisional structure to H3 L5 with no adjustment of core troops.

(7)Drop 1 Bonus Jund/Mawali FV4 HC available per Unit bought.

(8)Any or all FT Spear/Sword/Bow Units may be fielded as FT Spear/Sword at 2 points less than the given total. For every Unit thus fielded 1 SI 2[1]1 +2 Bow Unit becomes available @ 2 points.

(9)Choose either Daylami FT or LHI; not both.

(10) For each Spear/Sword/Bow FT Unit chosen reduce the availability of SI Bow by 1.

Optional

The 'Elite Jund/Mawali HC' may be fielded as the 'Fursan' (Caliphate Guard) if you wish in a Western Army; there is no change in stats or cost. In a game where the Fursan are fielded the General must be deemed the Caliph in this case.

Campaign Notes

If you are interested in doing specific campaigns then the following brief notes may help. Please note the stated cavalry availability per campaign, which overrides the 'Notes' above:

Campaigns against the Indians in Sindh

In the Sindh campaign of 708 AD use the Eastern Army with lower limit of the Syrian FT (2 Units).

In Hajjaj's Conquest of Sindh in 713 AD use the Eastern Army with the upper limit (4 Units) of Syrian FT (meant to represent not just Syrians but better quality troops that Hajjaj spent 4 years equipping).

In the expedition of 724 under Junaid use the Eastern Army (with the lower Syrian FT limit; 2 Units).

Campaigns against the Indians in Sindh/Rajasthan

In the campaigns in Sindh/Rajasthan in 738 use the Eastern Army (with the lower Syrian FT limit; 2 Units) with Indian Allies.

In the Gwalior inscription it is recorded that Nagabhatta (ruler of Avanti) "crushed the large army of the powerful Mlechcha (Arab) king." in 738.

This large army comprised of cavalry, infantry, siege artillery, and probably a force of camels (used for transportation in all likelihood).

Tamin, the new Arab governor of Sindh, had a force of Syrian cavalry from Damascus, local Arab contingents, converted Hindus of Sindh, and foreign mercenaries like the Turks. All together the invading army may have had anywhere between 10-15,000 cavalry, 5000 infantry, and 2000 camels.

For the campaigns against Lalitaditya Muktapida in the Punjab and Kashmir use the Eastern Army (with the lower Syrian FT limit of 2 Units, but all Jund/Mawali Cavalry are available irrespective of Cavalry limits in 'Notes') with Indian Wars Native Allies.

Indian Allies

3 WB* K Hindu Converts 5(1)3 +1 Various @ 8 points

1 EL K Indian Elephant 5(3)2 Various @ 12 points

* Indian WB are Move 9", 3BP

Campaigns against the Kingdom of Kabul

For any of the campaigns against Hindu Kabul in 683 and between 695-714 use the Eastern Army with the lower Syrian FT limit (2 Units) for the former and use the Eastern Army with an upper limit of Syrian FT for the latter (4 Units).

al-Ashath's 699-701 Rebellion

Use a Western Army for al-Ashrath's Army with no bonus Syrian Muqatila FT and a Western Army with no Syrian FT limits for Hajjaj's forces.

Campaigns Against the Kharijites

For the 692AD and the 693 AD campaigns under Umar use a Western Army but with no bonus Syrian Muqatila FT.

For Khalid's/al-Aiz's campaign use a Western Army but with no bonus Syrian Muqatila FT.

For al-Muhallab's campaign use a Western Army but with no bonus Syrian Muqatila FT.

For al-Hajjaj campaign in Tabaristan use the Western Army.

For the first part of al-Hajjaj's campaign against Shabib use a Western Army but with no bonus Syrian Muqatila FT.

For the second part (696-7) use the full Western Army (note the Kharijites had a very small force in this campaign, perhaps as little as 1000 men).

Campaigns against the Anti Caliph, Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr

Umayyad forces use the full Western Army and az-Zubayr's forces use the Western Army but with no bonus Syrian Muqatila FT.

Campaigns against the Byzantines

Use the Western Army.

Campaigns against the Khazars

Use the Western Army.

North Africa 695-698

In 695 Hasan ibn al-Nu'man captured Carthage and advanced into the Atlas Mountains. A Byzantine fleet arrived, retook Carthage, but couldn't hold it.

In 698 Hasan captured it again and this time destroyed the city. The Byzantines withdrew from from all of Africa except Ceuta.

Use Western Army with a maximum 3 bonus Syrian Muqatila; all Jund Bonus Cav available irrespective of 'Notes'.

First Berber Uprising 701-2

Hasan met trouble from the Zenata tribe of Berbers under al-Kahina. They inflicted a serious defeat on him and drove him back to Barqa.

Use Western Army with a maximum 3 bonus Syrian Muqatila; all Jund Bonus Cav available irrespective of 'Notes'.

However, in 702 Abd al-Malik strongly reinforced Hasan. With a large army and the support of the settled population of North Africa, Hasan pushed forward. He decisively defeated the Zenata in a battle at Tabarka 85 miles west of Carthage. He then developed the village of Tunis ten miles from the destroyed Carthage. Around 705 Musa ibn Nusayr replaced Hasan and pacified much of North Africa, though he failed to take Ceuta.

Use a Western Army with all bonus Syrian Muqatila and all Jund Bonus Cav available irrespective of 'Notes'.

Second Berber Uprising 740-44

740-742: use the Western Army with only 1 bonus Syrian Muqatila, no Quarra or Daylami but all bonus Jund HC are available.

743-44: use the Western Army with all FT and all Jund HC available.

Campaigns against the Tibetans, Turks and T'ang Chinese

1. Vs T'ang and/or Turks

Bonus increases to

4 FT K Syrian Muqatila 6[1]1 +1 Spears/Swords/Bows 10 pts

plus Tibetan Allies may be fielded:

Tibetan Allies

1 CAT(d! K 5[2]0 +3 Lance/bow 15pts

1 HC (d) K 4[1]0 +1 Lance/bows12pts

If any Tibetan Allies are bought all must be bought.

2. Vs Tibetans and/or Turks

Bonus increases to

4 FT K Syrian Muqatila 6[1]1 +1 Spears/Swords/Bows 10 pts

plus T'ang Allies may be fielded:

T'ang Allies

1 HC K 5 [1] 0 +1 Lance/Bow 14pts

1 FT K 5[1]1 +1 Various/ Xbows 10pts

If any T'ang Allies are bought all must be bought.

Author: O'Cahan

Sources: Kennedy "The Armies of the Caliphs", Kennedy "The Great Arab Conquests", A.A. Dixon "The Umayyad Caliphate" , Gibb "The Arab Conquests in Central Asia", Berzin "The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire", Muir (abridged and revised by Wier) "The Caliphate: It's Rise, Decline and Fall" (online version), Sita Ram Goel "Heroic Hindu Resistance to Muslim Invaders", Beckwith "The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia", Jamil Mir'i Abun-Nasr "A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period". "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khurusan and Transoxania During Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times" Daftary (Institute of Islamic Studies).

List Author: O'Cahan